城市高温灾害性天气影响分析与危害评估——以长春市为例

以长春市1951-2008年的气象资料为基础,分析了长春市高温灾害性天气的时空分布特征及气温变暖趋势,总结了长春市温度变化与城市人口数量、GDP及供电量之间的关系,最终建立了长春市高温灾害性天气影响及危害评估的指标体系。     

大气监测时段优化布点技术研究

基于虚拟仪器技术的空气监测系统中电化学气体传感器价格昂贵且使用寿命短暂,文章利用多目标特征分析法对传感器监测时段进行布点,准确反映实时监测状况,减少传感器使用频率。     

Nutrient Loadings to Streams of the Continental United States from Municipal and Industrial Effluent1

Maupin, Molly A. and Tamara Ivahnenko, 2011. Nutrient Loadings to Streams of the Continental United States From Municipal and Industrial Effluent. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):950‐964. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00576.x Abstract: Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System national database were used to calculate annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads to surface waters from municipal and industrial facilities in six major regions of the United States for 1992, 1997, and 2002. Concentration and effluent flow data were examined for approximately 118,250 facilities in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Inconsistent and incomplete discharge locations, effluent flows, and effluent nutrient concentrations limited the use of these data for calculating nutrient loads. More concentrations were reported for major facilities, those discharging more than 1 million gallons per day, than for minor facilities, and more concentrations were reported for TP than for TN. Analytical methods to check and improve the quality of the Permit Compliance System data were used. Annual loads were calculated using “typical pollutant concentrations” to supplement missing concentrations based on the type and size of facilities. Annual nutrient loads for over 26,600 facilities were calculated for at least one of the three years. Sewage systems represented 74% of all TN loads and 58% of all TP loads. This work represents an initial set of data to develop a comprehensive and consistent national database of point‐source nutrient loads. These loads can be used to inform a wide range of water‐quality management, watershed modeling, and research efforts at multiple scales.     

Factors Affecting Stream Nutrient Loads: A Synthesis of Regional SPARROW Model Results for the Continental United States1

Preston, Stephen D., Richard B. Alexander, Gregory E. Schwarz, and Charles G. Crawford, 2011. Factors Affecting Stream Nutrient Loads: A Synthesis of Regional SPARROW Model Results for the Continental United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):891‐915. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00577.x Abstract: We compared the results of 12 recently calibrated regional SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) models covering most of the continental United States to evaluate the consistency and regional differences in factors affecting stream nutrient loads. The models – 6 for total nitrogen and 6 for total phosphorus – all provide similar levels of prediction accuracy, but those for major river basins in the eastern half of the country were somewhat more accurate. The models simulate long‐term mean annual stream nutrient loads as a function of a wide range of known sources and climatic (precipitation, temperature), landscape (e.g., soils, geology), and aquatic factors affecting nutrient fate and transport. The results confirm the dominant effects of urban and agricultural sources on stream nutrient loads nationally and regionally, but reveal considerable spatial variability in the specific types of sources that control water quality. These include regional differences in the relative importance of different types of urban (municipal and industrial point vs. diffuse urban runoff) and agriculture (crop cultivation vs. animal waste) sources, as well as the effects of atmospheric deposition, mining, and background (e.g., soil phosphorus) sources on stream nutrients. Overall, we found that the SPARROW model results provide a consistent set of information for identifying the major sources and environmental factors affecting nutrient fate and transport in United States watersheds at regional and subregional scales.     

温度和氮素输入对青藏高原三种高寒草地土壤碳矿化的影响

选取了海北高寒草甸、那曲高寒草原和当雄高寒湿地3种典型高寒草地生态系统类型为研究对象,采集了表层0~10 cm土壤,在实验室内进行可控温度下的碳矿化培养实验。结果表明,青藏高原土壤碳矿化在不同高寒草地类型间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。在较低的温度下,高寒湿地土壤的碳矿化速率显著低于高寒草甸土壤,而温度在15℃左右时,高寒湿地土的碳矿化速率略高于高寒草甸土壤,当温度处于较高的水平时（〉20℃）,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化速率远高于高寒草甸土壤,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的Q10显著大于高寒草甸。无论是低温还是较高的温度,高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率最低,数值范围也最窄。高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化均受温度的显著影响（P≤0.05）,其速率均跟温度呈现一级指数函数方程关系,而高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率与温度间未呈现明显的函数关系,但不同温度间的土壤碳矿化速率存在显著差异。氮素输入对高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的影响不明显,但显著促进了高寒草原土壤碳矿化作用。     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

饥饿对硫自养反硝化反应器生物群落结构的影响

采用颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器处理二沉尾水,探究饥饿忍耐对反应器去除效果、微生物群落变化的影响及其性能恢复时间.结果表明,在12~14℃的低温条件下,经过30 d的不进水饥饿忍耐后,颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石反应器出水NO_3~--N浓度分别从1.78 mg·L~(-1)、11.32 mg·L~(-1)增加到27.87 mg·L~(-1)、26.56 mg·L~(-1).颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器分别在重启后的第5 d和11 d使得NO_3~--N去除性能恢复至饥饿前的水平,并且在低温条件下保持了良好的脱氮效果.MiSeq高通量测序结果表明,2个反应器的细菌群落的丰度和多样性饥饿期均低于恢复期,且优势菌门均为Proteobacteria,主要的纲类为β-Proteobacteria.硫磺/白云石反应器中鉴别出Thiobacillus菌属为主要反硝化类群.     

羊粪生物炭对水体中诺氟沙星的吸附特性

以羊粪为原料分别在350、450、550、650℃条件下制备生物炭,通过元素分析、BET-N_2、电镜扫描及FTIR表征了不同热解温度下羊粪生物炭的结构特征,并采用序批实验研究了pH、生物炭投加量、热解温度、初始浓度等因素对羊粪生物炭吸附水体中诺氟沙星(NOR)的影响及吸附机制.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的比表面积、总孔容、平均孔径增大,芳香性和稳定性也有所提高.羊粪生物炭吸附NOR的最佳初始pH为6.0,吸附在180 min左右达到平衡,采用准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合动力学数据(R~20.96),吸附速率由表面吸附和颗粒内扩散共同控制.等温吸附拟合发现,Langmuir模型能较好地描述NOR在羊粪生物炭上的吸附行为(R~20.93),吸附过程均为有利吸附,且可能与氢键和π-π键作用密切相关,4种热解温度下生物炭的吸附能力大小为:650℃550℃450℃350℃.吸附过程中ΔGθ0、ΔHθ0、ΔSθ0,表明羊粪生物炭对NOR的吸附是自发、吸热及熵增加的过程.650℃和550℃条件下制备的羊粪生物炭可作为水体中NOR的优势吸附材料.     

佛山地区干季边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响

利用佛山地区2013年12月大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和相应逐日AQI资料、逐时PM_(2.5)浓度资料,研究了佛山地区大气边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响.结果表明:佛山地区干季持续存在的逆温结构是导致PM_(2.5)污染较重的重要原因.干季污染日近60%的最低逆温层高度低于1000 m,而非污染日低于1000 m的最低逆温层仅占36%,污染日佛山贴地逆温频率高达31.2%.逆温层出现高度较低,将污染物压缩积累在贴地层大气中导致污染较重.在大陆冷高压控制下,佛山地区的边界层结构演化非常典型,最大边界层高度和最大边界层通风量表现出了显著相关,污染日日平均边界层高度始终维持在较低的水平,多数时候不足500 m,最大边界层高度则大部分小于1000 m,日平均边界层通风量主要分布在500~1500 m~2·s~(-1)之间,在极端情况下甚至不足300 m~2·s~(-1),最大边界层通风量大部分处于1500~5000 m~2·s~(-1)之间,导致污染物始终聚集在较低的大气边界层内,使得PM_(2.5)浓度长时间维持在较高的污染水平.佛山地区风场存在显著的3层结构,较小的底层风速意味着大气的输送和扩散能力较弱,高度较低的中层使得污染物进一步被压缩累积在大气底层,垂直风场的不稳定性使得污染日佛山地区局地回流活跃,回流(RF)指数极小值多分布在0.2~0.4之间,污染日RF指数普遍小于非污染日,垂直风场的有效输送能力被显著削弱.     

Performance of low temperature Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) catalyzed by mixed bacterial consortia

Microbial Fuel Cells(MFCs) are a promising technology for treating wastewater in a sustainable manner. In potential applications, low temperatures substantially reduce MFC performance. To better understand the effect of temperature and particularly how bioanodes respond to changes in temperature, we investigated the current generation of mixed-culture and pure-culture MFCs at two low temperatures, 10°C and 5°C. The results implied that the mixed-culture MFC sustainably performed better than the pure-culture(Shewanella) MFC at 10°C, but the electrogenic activity of anodic bacteria was substantially reduced at the lower temperature of 5°C. At 10°C, the maximum output voltage generated with the mixed-culture was 540–560 m V, which was 10%–15% higher than that of Shewanella MFCs. The maximum power density reached 465.3 ± 5.8 m W/m~2 for the mixed-culture at10°C, while only 68.7 ± 3.7 m W/m~2 was achieved with the pure-culture. It was shown that the anodic biofilm of the mixed-culture MFC had a lower overpotential and resistance than the pure-culture MFC. Phylogenetic analysis disclosed the prevalence of Geobacter and Pseudomonas rather than Shewanella in the mixed-culture anodic biofilm, which mitigated the increase of resistance or overpotential at low temperatures.